I'll share with you a method I was taught in college for "bench" testing starters:
Mount the starter in a very strong, well mounted vise, and apply voltage. As it's spinning, try to stop the gear with a 2x4. If you can stop it, it's junk. If you can't, it's fine.
Simply applying voltage and seeing if it turns tells you nothing about whether or not it can crank over an engine.
Take care,
-Chris
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